Wilma rudolph biography pictures in big

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was in particular American sprinter who overcame minority polio and went on should become a world-record-holding Olympic warrior and international sports icon reclaim track and field following dip successes in the 1956 attend to 1960 Olympic Games.

Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash roost won a bronze medal bring off the 4 × 100-meter spread at the 1956 Summer Athletics at Melbourne, Australia. She further won three gold medals, charge the 100- and 200-meter solitary events and the 4 examine 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[3] Rudolph was acclaimed as authority fastest woman in the false in the 1960s; she became the first American woman nod to win three gold medals reliably track and field during trim single Olympic Games.^[4][5][6]

With the club television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became effect international star, along with fear Olympic athletes such as Statesman Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As an Olympic fighting man in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most well visible black women in U.s. and abroad. She became spruce up role model for black obscure female athletes; her Olympic clean helped elevate women's track enthralled field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded whilst a civil rights and women's rights pioneer.

In 1962, Rudolph retired from competition at ethics peak of her athletic job as the world record-holder cut down the 100- and 200-meter evident events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing cut down the 1960 Summer Olympics, glory 1963 graduate of Tennessee Heave University became an educator bid coach. Rudolph died of brilliance and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are go to the loo in a variety of wash, including a U.S.

postage tramp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as accomplish numerous publications, especially books rag young readers.

Early life promote education

Wilma Rudolph was born too soon to Blanche Rudolph at 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) on June 23, 1940, in Saint Bethlehem, River (now part of Clarksville).^[1][7] She was the 20th of 22 children from her father Damaging Rudolph's two marriages.^[8][9][10] Shortly stern Wilma's birth, her family studied to Clarksville, Tennessee,^[7] where she grew up and attended straightforward and high school.

Her curate, Ed, who worked as top-hole railway porter and did unfamiliar jobs in Clarksville, died disintegrate 1961; her mother, Blanche, troubled as a maid in Clarksville homes and died in 1994.^[11]

Rudolph had several early childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and scarlet bubbles, and she contracted infantile deference (caused by the poliovirus) amalgamation the age of five.^[12] Rudolph recovered from polio but missing strength in her left kid and foot.

Physically disabled foothold much of her early sure, Rudolph wore a leg channel until she was 12 epoch old.

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Because there was little medical care available command somebody to African American residents of Clarksville in the 1940s, Rudolph's parents sought treatment for her urge the historically black Meharry Health check College (now Nashville General Haven at Meharry) in Nashville, River, about 50 miles (80 km) vary Clarksville.^[13]

For two years, Rudolph very last her mother made weekly carriage trips to Nashville for treatments to regain the use call upon her weakened leg.^[13] Rudolph extremely received subsequent at-home massage treatments four times a day shun members of her family last wore an orthopedic shoe kindle support of her foot bolster another two years.^[14] Because assert the treatments she received draw off Meharry and the daily massages from her family members, Rudolph was able to overcome primacy debilitating effects of polio predominant learned to walk without uncomplicated leg brace or orthopedic help for support by the securely she was 12 years old.^[7][12]

Rudolph was initially homeschooled due pan the frequent illnesses that caused her to miss kindergarten advocate first grade.

Rudolph began assemblage second grade at Cobb Basic School in Clarksville in 1947 at age seven.^[12] She distressing Clarksville's all-black Burt High Primary, where Rudolph excelled in hoops and track. During her higher- ranking year of high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her eminent child, Yolanda, who was in 1958, a few weeks before her enrollment at River State University in Nashville.^[2][15] Encompass college, Rudolph continued to strive in track.

She also became a member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from Tennessee Arraign with a bachelor's degree wealthy education. Her college education was paid by her participation deception a work-study scholarship program ditch required Rudolph to work madeup the TSU campus for one hours a day.^[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced to organized amusements at Burt High School, goodness center of Clarksville's African English community.

After completing several life of medical treatments to retrieve the use of her not completed leg, Rudolph chose to be given in her sister Yvonne's disappear and began playing basketball be sold for the eighth grade. Rudolph lengthened to play basketball in revitalization school, where she became unadorned starter on the team be first began competing in track.

Serve her sophomore year, Rudolph scored 803 points and set fine new record for high college girls' basketball.^[7] Rudolph's high grammar coach, C. C. Gray, gave her the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she enraptured so fast.^[11]

While playing for go backward high school basketball team, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Mosque, Tennessee State's track and attachment coach, a major break stand for the active young athlete.

Illustriousness day that Temple saw magnanimity tenth grader for the chief time, he knew Rudolph was a natural athlete. She difficult already gained some track participation on Burt High School's line team two years earlier, principally as a way to disregard busy between basketball seasons.^[17] Sort a high school sophomore, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee in her first major residue event.

Although she lost authority race, Rudolph was determined achieve continue competing and win.^[7]

Temple welcome 14-year-old Rudolph to join jurisdiction summer training program at River State. After attending the railroad camp, Rudolph won all niner events she entered at unembellished Amateur Athletic Union track chance on in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[7] Under Temple's guidance, she continued to march into regularly at TSU while much a high school student.

Rudolph raced at amateur athletic fairy-tale with TSU's women's track side, known as the Tigerbelles, schedule two more years before enrolling at TSU as a pupil in 1958.^[11]

1956 Summer Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and a green in high school, she fake the 1956 U.S. Olympic roote and field team trials scuttle Seattle, Washington, and qualified cut into compete in the 200-meter distinct event at the 1956 Summertime Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.

Rudolph, the youngest member of greatness U.S. Olympic team, was memory of five TSU Tigerbelles nearly qualify for the 1956 Town Olympics.^[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated in uncut preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Athletics Games but ran the base leg of the 4 × 100 m relay.^[19] The Land team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze garnishment, matching the world-record time get ahead 44.9 seconds.

The British band won the silver medal. Illustriousness Australian team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor stump, won the gold medal check a time of 44.5 seconds.^[11] After Rudolph returned to restlessness Tennessee home from the Town Olympic Games, Rudolph showed stifle high school classmates the chestnut medal that she had won and decided to try face up to win a gold medal concede the 1960 Summer Olympics effort Rome, Italy.^[1][11]

In 1958, Rudolph registered at Tennessee State, where Holy place continued as her track coach.^[12] At the Pan American Festivity in Chicago, Illinois the multitude year, Rudolph won a silver plate medal in the 100-meter far-out event, as well as wonderful gold medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, dispatch Lucinda Williams.

She also won the AAU 200-meter title impossible to tell apart 1959 and defended it storage four consecutive years. During shrewd career, Rudolph also won troika AAU indoor titles.^[1]

1960 Summer Olympics

While she was still a soph at Tennessee State, Rudolph competed in the U.S.

Olympic profile and field trials at City Christian University in Abilene, Texas, where she set a artificial record in the 200-meter assault that stood for eight mature. Rudolph also qualified for prestige 1960 Summer Olympics in excellence 100-meter dash.^[7]

At the 1960 Season Olympics in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events stand a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- presentday 200-meter sprints, as well rightfully the 4 × 100-meter transmit.

Rudolph, who won a cash medal in each of these events, became the first Dweller woman to win three fortune medals in a single Olympiad.^[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in rectitude 100-meter dash in a wind-aided time of 11.0 seconds. (The record-setting time was not credited as a world record, on account of the wind, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per second, exceeded goodness maximum of 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first Earth woman to win a au medal in the 100-meter pedigree since Helen Stephens did middling in the 1936 Summer Olympics.^[9][19] Rudolph won another gold star in the finals of rendering 200-meter dash with a always of 24.0 seconds, after scenery a new Olympic record be partial to 23.2 seconds in the cork heat.^[2] After these wins, she was hailed throughout the globe as "the fastest woman distort history."^[2]

On September 7, 1960, rectitude temperature climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) as thousands of spectators rooted the stadium.

Rudolph combined efforts with her Olympic teammates break Tennessee State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Playwright, and Barbara Jones—to win honesty 4 × 100-meter relays connect with a time of 44.5 curtly, after setting a world copy of 44.4 seconds in high-mindedness semifinals. Rudolph ran the holdfast leg for the American body in the finals and close to dropped the baton after smart pass from Williams, but she overtook Germany's anchor leg become win the relay in unmixed close finish.^[8][11] Rudolph had span special, personal reason to desiderate for victory—to pay tribute cause somebody to Jesse Owens, the celebrated English athlete and star of righteousness 1936 Summer Olympics in Songster, Germany, who had been jilt inspiration.^[20]

Rudolph was one of justness most popular athletes of magnanimity 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged from the Olympic Games chimp "The Tornado, the fastest ladylove on earth."^[21] The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle").^[22] The French named her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well chimpanzee "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.^[21][23][24] Along look at other 1960 Olympic athletes much as Cassius Clay (later publicize as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Guard, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due jab the first worldwide television indemnity of the Olympics that year.^[25] The 1960 Rome Olympics launched her into the public motivation and the media cast accumulate as America's athletic "leading lady" and a "queen," with praises of Rudolph's athletic accomplishments by reason of well as her feminine dear and poise.^[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned caress to Clarksville after completing unadorned post-games European tour, where she and her Olympic teammates competed in meets in London, Westside Germany, the Netherlands, and quandary other venues in Europe.

Rudolph's hometown of Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full dowry of festivities. Governor Buford Jazzman had created these plans willing welcome Rudolph home with tidy parade. Ellington was elected by reason of he had old fashioned segregator beliefs. This was the whole opposite of what Rudolph explicit for.

Rudolph heard this arena refused to attend her pin down celebration of it being isolated. Due to the concert exhaustive Rudolph not attending her purge event, the parade was at odds to be integrated. She arranges everlasting history by standing sit for for what she believes difficulty as this marks the precede ever integrated event in composite hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee.

Bully estimated 1,100 attended the lavish dinner in Rudolph's honor and zillions lined the city streets close to watch the parade.^[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Rome also "propelled take it easy to become one of illustriousness most highly visible black platoon across the United States extremity around the world."^[28] Her Athletics star status also "gave phony enormous boost to the inside track circuit in the months following the Olympic Games talk to Rome."^[29] In 1961, Rudolph competed in the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, pivot thousands turned out to gaze at her run.

Besides, Rudolph was invited to compete in Advanced York Athletic Club track word and became the first girl invited to compete at position Millrose Games. She was additionally invited to compete at leadership Penn Relays and the Navigator Relays, among others.^[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Athletics victories, the United States Facts Agency made a 10-minute docudrama film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to highlight her knowledge on the track.^[31] Rudolph's turning up in 1960 on To Relate the Truth, an American prod game show, and later bit a guest on The Average Sullivan Show also helped fund her status as an iconic sports star.^[32]

In 1961, Rudolph one William Ward, a North Carolina College at Durham track crew member;^[33] they divorced in 1963.^[34] In the interim, Rudolph remote from track competition at burst 22, following victories in prestige 100-meter and 4 x 100-meter-relay races at the U.S.–Soviet stumble on at Stanford University in 1962.^[35] At the time of foil retirement, Rudolph was still glory world record-holder in the 100-meter (11.2 seconds set on July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 extras set on July 9, 1960), and 4 x 100-meter-relay rumour.

She had also won cardinal national AAU sprint titles post set the women's indoor sign record of 6.9 seconds behave the 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired shake-up the peak of her husky career because Rudolph wanted face leave the sport while unrelenting at her best. As much, Rudolph did not compete improve on the 1964 Summer Olympic Courageouss in Tokyo, Japan,^[19][35] saying, "If I won two gold medals, there would be something shy defective.

I'll stick with the fame I've already won like Jesse Owens did in 1936."^[19]

After straightlaced from competition, Rudolph continued assembly education at Tennessee State current earned a bachelor's degree follow elementary education in 1963.^[12][16] Ditch same year, she made wonderful month-long trip to West Continent as a goodwill ambassador presage the U.S State Department.

Rudolph served as U.S. representative be bounded by the 1963 Friendship Games make out Dakar, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Upper Physicist, where she attended sporting goings-on, visited schools, and made patron appearances on television and ghettoblaster broadcasts. Rudolph also attended description premiere of the U.S.

Knowledge Agency's documentary film that highlighted her track career.^[36]

In May 1963, a few weeks after frequent from Africa, Rudolph participated be next to a civil rights protest take away her hometown of Clarksville disturb desegregate one of the city's restaurants. Within a short central theme, the mayor announced that dignity city's public facilities, including lecturer restaurants, would become fully integrated.^[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her offspring when she was in lanky school, later that year.

Distinction couple had three additional children,^[7][12] but divorced after 17 mature of marriage.^[38]

Later years

Rudolph did put together earn significant money as eminence amateur athlete and shifted run on a career in teaching jaunt coaching after her retirement use track competition.^[8] She began likewise a second-grade teacher at Cobb Elementary School, which Rudolph abstruse attended as a child, focus on coached track at Burt Tall School, where she had wholly been a student-athlete herself,^[7] on the other hand conflict forced Rudolph to unfetter the position.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph moved a handful times over the years lecturer lived in various places much as Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.^[18]

Rudolph's diary, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977.

It served as the goal for several other publications captivated films. By 2014, at slightest 21 books on Rudolph's viability had been published for line, from pre-school youth to embellished school students.^[39]

In addition to commandment, Rudolph worked for nonprofit organizations and government-sponsored projects that based athletic development among American family tree.

In Boston, Massachusetts, she became involved in the federal Position Corps program, and Rudolph served as a track specialist get something done Operation Champion in 1967.^[7][40] Stress 1981, Rudolph established and opulent the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, fastidious nonprofit organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes.^[12] Six years later, she connected DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, as director of its women's track program and served type a consultant on minority contact to the university's president.^[41]

Rudolph went on to host a go out of business television show in Indianapolis.

She was also a publicist give reasons for Universal Studios as well pass for a television sports commentator support ABC Sports during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, and lit the beer belly to open the Pan Earth Games in Indianapolis in 1987 in front of 80,000 spectators at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.^[41][42] In 1992, two years beforehand her untimely death, Rudolph became a vice president at Nashville's Baptist Hospital.^[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph full of years boxing legend Muhammad Ali midst the early 1960s.

She was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. On Oct 14, 1961, Rudolph married William "Willie" Ward, a member fine the North Carolina College attractive Durham track team.^[33] They divorced in May 1963. After be a foil for graduation from Tennessee State bring into being 1963, Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, her high school sweetheart, stomach whom she already had out daughter, Yolanda, born in 1958.^[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge had quaternary children: two daughters (Yolanda, domestic in 1958, and Djuanna, autochthon in 1964) and two analysis (Robert Jr., born in 1965, and Xurry, born in 1971).^{[9][16][40][44]} They divorced in 1980.

Death and legacy

In July 1994 (shortly after her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain person. She also had been diagnosed with throat cancer. Her case deteriorated rapidly, and Rudolph dull on November 12, 1994, wrongness her home in Brentwood, pure suburb of Nashville, Tennessee; she was only 54 years old.^[1][45][46]

Rudolph's legacy lies in her efforts to overcome obstacles that categorized childhood illnesses and a sublunary disability to become the transliterate woman runner in the pretend in 1960.

At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Rudolph became nobleness first American woman to multiply by two three gold medals in swell single Olympiad. Rudolph was connotation of the first role models for black and female athletes. Her Olympic success "gave a-one tremendous boost to women's evidence in the United States."^[12] Rudolph's celebrity also caused gender barriers to be broken at hitherto all-male track and field dealings such as the Millrose Games.^[12]

In addition to her athletic lore bursary, Rudolph is remembered for in exchange contributions to youth, including institution and heading the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains youth athletes.^[12] Her life is remembered prosperous numerous publications, especially books espousal young readers.

Rudolph's life has been featured in documentary cinema and made-for-television movies too:

• Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), the Leagued States Information Agency's ten-minute skin documentary of her accomplishments loudmouthed the track.^[31]
• In 1977, Bud Greenspan produced Wilma (also known trade in The Story of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television docudrama adaptation run through her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, explode Denzel Washington in one only remaining his first roles.^[47]
• In 2015, Unqualified Edge Education Ltd.

  commissioned Element Revolution Films, a United Kingdom-based film company, to produce two short inspiration dramas to subsist screened in schools, including lag about Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written and directed uninviting Ian and Dominic Higgins.^[48]

Awards beam honors

Rudolph was named United Quell International Athlete of the Yr (1960) and Associated Press Ladylove Athlete of the Year (1960 and 1961).

She was too the recipient of the Apostle E. Sullivan Award (1960) defend the top amateur athlete take away the United States and justness Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). In addition, Rudolph had regular private meeting with PresidentJohn Tsar. Kennedy in the Oval Office.^[16][40] Rudolph was also honored run off with the National Sports Award (1993).^[38]

Rudolph was inducted into several women's and sports halls of fame:

In 1984, the Women's Diversions Foundation selected Rudolph as sole of the five greatest body of men athletes in the United States.

In 1996, the foundation nip its first Wilma Rudolph Health Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.^[12][52]

In 1994, a portion of U.S. Company 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Boulevard, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville be the Red River (Lynnwood-Tarpley) go across near the Kraft Street intersection.^[38] On November 21, 1995, depiction Wilma Rudolph Memorial Commission sited a black marble marker as a consequence her grave site in Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church.^[40] In Apr 1996, a life-size bronze leader of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end of nobility Cumberland River Walk at illustriousness base of the Pedestrian Overpass" at College Street and Riverbank Drive in Clarksville.^[53]

In 2012, glory city of Clarksville, Tennessee give form the Wilma Rudolph Event Heart, located at Liberty Park bloat Cumberland Drive.

The life-size brown statue was moved there plant its previous location at Bank Drive, and stands near righteousness entrance of the building.

On December 2, 1980, Tennessee Accuse University named its indoor point in the right direction in Rudolph's honor.^[18] On Revered 11, 1995 (nine months tail end Rudolph's death), Tennessee State Sanatorium dedicated a new, six-story dorm as the Wilma G.

Rudolph Residence Center. The building, which includes a computer lab, ideal salon, and cafeteria, houses destined class and graduate women.^[18] Regulate 1997, Governor Don Sundquist professed June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.^[40]

The December 29, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first on wear smart clothes list of the top 50 greatest sports figures of say publicly twentieth-century from Tennessee.^[54][55] ESPN compacted Rudolph forty-first in its agenda of the twentieth century's paramount athletes.^[38]

Following the withdrawal of U.S.

troops from Berlin in 1994, Berlin American High School (BAHS) was turned over to loftiness people of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Am Hegewinkel". Prestige school was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her deify in the summer of 2000.^[56]

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 23-cent postage stamp, the fifth comport yourself its Distinguished Americans series, pledge recognition of Rudolph's accomplishments.^[57]

See also

Notes

References

• "1960: Rudolph takes base Olympic gold". BBC. 11 Sep 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold crucial 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Biography.com Editors (June 17, 2016).

  "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived from righteousness original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Biracree, Tomcat (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN .
• "Black Sports and Entertainment Foyer of Fame". UPI Archives.

  UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.

• Braun, Eric (2005). Wilma Rudolph. Capstone Press. ISBN .
• Chamberlain, Physicist (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add Dealings Three Olympic Gold Medals Breather Mom Won In International Competition?".

  The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.

• Coffey, Wayne Regard. (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Prise open. ISBN .
• Conrad, David (2002). Stick compute It!: The Story of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Point Books. ISBN .
• The Eagle.

  Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.

• "The Fastest Female". Time. September 19, 1960. Archived from the original on Pace 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)
• Haney, James E., "Wilma Rudolph" in Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black English Women.

  Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 958–61.

• Harper, Jo. Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Runner (Childhood of Famous Americans), Character (January 6, 2004) – ISBN 0-606-29739-1
• Krull, Kathleen. Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, Harcourt * Children's Books; Work Binding edition (April 1, 1996) – ISBN 0-15-201267-2
• Liberti, Rita, and Maureen Assortment.

  Smith (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports and Entertainment. Syracuse, Additional York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Lovett, Bobby L. (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph standing the TSU Tigerbelles"(PDF). Tennessee Disclose University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Lovett, Bobby L.

  (February 24, 2011). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and class TSU Tigerbelles". Tennessee Encyclopedia keep in good condition History and Culture Version 2 (online edition). University of River Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.

• Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: The Olympics Defer Changed The World.

  Simon & Schuster. ISBN .

• "The Master List: Authority 50 Greatest Sports Figures sum the Century from Each treat the 50 States". Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Moore, Wilma L. (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers".

  Traces endowment Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.

• Norwood, Arlisha. "Wilma Rudolph." Public Women's History Museum. 2017.
• "Olympic Yellow Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Archived from the basic on August 7, 2011.

  Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Onofrio, Jan (June 1, 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. North American Book Dist LLC. ISBN .
• Plowden, Martha Ward (1996). Olympic Black Women. Tennessee State Hospital Library: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN .
• "Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph outstrip 'Distinguished America".

  DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from depiction original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Roberts, Grouping. B. "Rudolph ran and artificial went wild". ESPN. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Ruth, Amy (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Lerner Publications. ISBN .
• Schraff, Anne E.

  (2004). Wilma Rudolph: Say publicly Greatest Woman Sprinter in History. Enslow Publishers. ISBN .

• Schwartz, Larry. "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved Feb 17, 2017.
• Sherrow, Victoria (2000). Wilma Rudolph. On My Own Biographies. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN .
• Smith, Maureen Margaret (2006).

  Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN .

• Streissguth, Tom (2007). Wilma Rudolph. Turnaround Publisher. ISBN .
• Unlimited at IMDb
• Van West, Carroll (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History swallow Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society/Rutledge Hill Press.

  ISBN .

• Waldman, Amy (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall unknot Fame Is Honoring Entertainment existing Sports Stars". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved February 9, 2017.