Viktor frankl biography videos kiss

Austrian Holocaust survivor, neurologist, psychotherapist, philosopher, and author (1905–1997)

Viktor Frankl
Frankl in 1965
Born	Viktor Emil Frankl (1905-03-26)26 March 1905 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	2 Sep 1997(1997-09-02) (aged 92) Vienna, Austria
Resting place	Vienna Basic Cemetery
Alma mater	University of Vienna (MD, 1930; PhD, 1948)
Occupation(s)	neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, topmost author
Known for	Logotherapy Existential analysis
Spouse(s)	Tilly Grosser, m. 1941 – c. 1944–1945 (her death) Eleonore Katharina Schwindt, m. 1947
Children	1 daughter

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)^[1] was an Austrian neurologist, psychologist, elder, and Holocaust survivor,^[2] who supported logotherapy, a school of treatment that describes a search seize a life's meaning as nobleness central human motivational force.^[3] Logotherapy is part of existential meticulous humanistic psychology theories.^[4]

Logotherapy was promoted as the third school make public Viennese Psychotherapy, after those authoritative by Sigmund Freud and King Adler.^[5]

Frankl published 39 books.^[6] Say publicly autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a best-selling book, is homeproduced on his experiences in diverse Nazi concentration camps.^[7]

Early life

Frankl was born the middle of triad children to Gabriel Frankl, great civil servant in the Priesthood of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion), a Jewish brotherhood, in Vienna, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire.^[1] Fillet interest in psychology and prestige role of meaning developed while in the manner tha he began taking night drilling on applied psychology while acquit yourself junior high school.^[1] As shipshape and bristol fashion teenager, he began a send with Sigmund Freud when Psychoanalyst asked for permission to make known one of his papers.^[8][9] Stern graduation from high school derive 1923, he studied medicine go rotten the University of Vienna.

In 1924, Frankl's first scientific exposition was published in the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse.^[10] In rectitude same year, he was head of the Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, the Social Democratic Party reminiscent of Austria's youth movement for elate school students. Frankl's father was a socialist who named him after Viktor Adler, the creator of the party.^[1][11] During that time, Frankl began questioning nobility Freudian approach to psychoanalysis.

Stylishness joined Alfred Adler's circle spick and span students and published his straightaway any more academic paper, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" ("Psychotherapie und Weltanschauung"), in Adler's International Journal of Individual Psychology in 1925.^[1] Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle^[2] when explicit insisted that meaning was authority central motivational force in body beings.

From 1926, he began refining his theory, which pacify termed logotherapy.^[12]

Career

Psychiatry

Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical scholar, he organized youth counselling centers^[13] to address the high edition of teen suicides occurring consort the time of end-of-the-year resonance cards.

The program was fairyed godmother by the city of Vienna and free of charge go on a trip the students. Frankl recruited opposite psychologists for the center, with Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, professor Rudolf Dreikurs. In 1931, sob a single Viennese student spasm by suicide.^{[14][unreliable source?]}

After earning consummate M.D.

in 1930, Frankl gained extensive experience at Steinhof Cerebral Hospital, where he was reliable for the treatment of frantic women. In 1937, he began a private practice, but dignity Nazi annexation of Austria get the picture 1938 limited his opportunity be carried treat patients.^[1] In 1940, powder joined Rothschild Hospital, the one and only hospital in Vienna still recognition Jews, as head of ethics neurology department.

Prior to reward deportation to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients ward off the Nazi euthanasia program saunter targeted the mentally disabled.^[2][15]

In 1942, just nine months after diadem marriage, Frankl and his parentage were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp.

His father dreary there of starvation and pneumonia. In 1944, Frankl and authority surviving relatives were transported do good to Auschwitz, where his mother unthinkable brother were murdered in righteousness gas chambers. His wife Tilly died later of typhus stuff Bergen-Belsen. Frankl spent three in four concentration camps.^[7]

Following dignity war, he became head wait the neurology department of character General Polyclinic Vienna hospital, innermost established a private practice breach his home.

He worked smash patients until his retirement attach importance to 1970.^[2]

In 1948, Frankl earned a-okay PhD in philosophy from leadership University of Vienna. His talk, The Unconscious God, examines nobility relationship between psychology and religion,^[16] and advocates for the complex of the Socratic dialogue (self-discovery discourse) for clients to formation in touch with their clerical unconscious.^[17]

In 1955, Frankl was awarded a professorship of neurology extremity psychiatry at the University firm footing Vienna, and, as visiting senior lecturer, lectured at Harvard University (1961), Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972).^[12]

Throughout his career, Frankl argued make certain the reductionist tendencies of completely psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised the stoical, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy.^[18]

The American Psychiatric Society awarded Frankl the 1985 Oskar Pfister Award for his gifts to religion and psychiatry.^[18]

Man's Conduct test for Meaning

While head of nobility Neurological Department at the popular Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning over unembellished nine-day period.^[19] The book, first titled A Psychologist Experiences integrity Concentration Camp, was released decline German in 1946.

The Truthfully translation of Man's Search funding Meaning was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller.^[2] Frankl saw this success though a symptom of the "mass neurosis of modern times," thanks to the title promised to collection with the question of life's meaningfulness.^[20] Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages.

In a 1991 survey conducted for the Library of Meeting and the Book of righteousness Month Club, Man's Search endorse Meaning was named one confiscate the ten most influential books in the US.^[21]

Logotherapy and experiential analysis

Frankl developed logotherapy and empirical analysis, which are based sentence philosophical and psychological concepts, addition the desire to find orderly meaning in life and comfortable will.^[22][23] Frankl identified three clue ways of realizing meaning gratify life: by making a denial in the world, by obtaining particular experiences, or by adopting particular attitudes.

The primary techniques offered by logotherapy and experiential analysis are:^[24][22][23]

• Paradoxical intention: clients finish off to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration.
• Dereflection: drawing the client's attention tolerate from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.^[25]
• Socratic discussion and attitude modification: asking questions designed to help a patient find and pursue self-defined sense in life.^[26]

His acknowledgement of role as a central motivational masquerade and factor in mental interest is his lasting contribution money the field of psychology.

Protect provided the foundational principles expose the emerging field of sure of yourself psychology.^[27] Frankl's work has likewise been endorsed in the Hassidism philosophy of Hasidic Judaism.^[28]

Statue signal Responsibility

In Man's Search infer Meaning, Frankl states:

Freedom, however, even-handed not the last word.

Liberty is only part of probity story and half of blue blood the gentry truth. Freedom is but dignity negative aspect of the undivided faultless phenomenon whose positive aspect attempt responsibleness. In fact, freedom recapitulate in danger of degenerating bash into mere arbitrariness unless it assessment lived in terms of trustworthiness.

That is why I counsel that the Statue of Selfdetermination on the East Coast rectify supplemented by a Statue pass judgment on Responsibility on the West Coast.^[18]

Frankl's concept for the statue grew in popularity, and drew significance affection of Stephen Covey, hack of The 7 Habits clean and tidy Highly Effective People. Covey teamed up with Kevin Hall make ill push the idea of description statue forward in the Nineties, and eventually commissioned the artist Gary Lee Price who came up with the concept elect two hands clasped together.

Influence design was approved by Frankl's widow, and they began complex for a location to base it. Their first choice was California, to have it weigh down a Pacific Ocean harbour dole out complement the Statue of Liberty's position in the Atlantic seek refuge of New York. However, honourableness state regulations proved difficult inherit navigate, and the governor order Utah, Spencer Cox, suggested fine location in his state rationalize the project, which was adjust in 2023.

Construction has whoop yet started.^[29][30]

Controversy

"Auschwitz survivor" testimony

In The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Comical Career of Viktor Frankl, Senior lecturer of history Timothy Pytell rule California State University, San Bernardino,^[31] surveys the numerous discrepancies with the addition of omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account and later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, much as Thomas Szasz, similarly be blessed with raised.^[32] In Frankl's Man's Give something the onceover for Meaning, the book devotes approximately half of its passage to describing Auschwitz and loftiness psychology of its prisoners, suggestive of a long stay at righteousness death camp.

However his choice of words is contradictory and, according oppress Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", as opposed to the impression Frankl gives of staying at Auschwitz be conscious of months, he was held conclude to the train, in description "depot prisoner" area of Stockade, and for no more get away from a few days.

Frankl was neither registered at Auschwitz shadowy assigned a number there beforehand being sent on to fastidious subsidiary work camp of Stockade, known as Kaufering III, think it over (together with Terezín) is grandeur true setting of much preceding what is described in fulfil book.^[33][34][35]

Origins and implications of logotherapy

Frankl's doctrine was that one have to instill meaning in the anecdote in one's life, and consider it work and suffering can heave to finding meaning, with that ultimately what would lead interrupt fulfillment and happiness.

In 1982 the scholar and Holocaust counsellor Lawrence L. Langer, critical exempt what he called Frankl's distortions of the true experience only remaining those at Auschwitz,^[36] and freedom Frankl's amoral focus on "meaning", that in Langer's assessment could just as equally be functional to Nazis "finding meaning unadorned making the world free let alone Jews",^[37] went on to compose that "if this [logotherapy] belief had been more succinctly worded, the Nazis might have deputed it for the cruel derision of Arbeit Macht Frei" ["work sets free", read by those entering Auschwitz].^[38] In Pytell's examine, Langer also penetrated through Frankl's disturbing subtext that Holocaust "survival [was] a matter of derogatory health." Langer criticized Frankl's offer as self-congratulatory and promotional roundabouts, so that "it comes considerably no surprise to the primer, as he closes the notebook, that the real hero infer Man's Search for Meaning disintegration not man, but Viktor Frankl" by the continuation of leadership same fantasy of world-view meaning-making, which is precisely what esoteric perturbed civilization into the holocaust-genocide of this era and others.^[39]

Pytell later would remark on leadership particularly sharp insight of Langer's reading of Frankl's Holocaust affidavit, stating that with Langer's accusation published in 1982 before Pytell's biography, the former had wise drawn the controversial parallels, resolution accommodations in ideology without glory knowledge that Victor Frankl was an advocate/"embraced"^[40] the key meaning of the Nazi psychotherapy shift ("will and responsibility"^[41]) as uncluttered form of therapy in position late 1930s.

When at go off at a tangent time Frankl would submit ingenious paper and contributed to integrity Göring institute in Vienna 1937 and again in early 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus sovereign state "world-view" to the "work infer some of the leading Fascist psychotherapists",^[42] both at a prior before Austria was annexed bypass Nazi Germany in 1938.^[43][44] Frankl's founding logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published in nobleness Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie [sic] the file of the Goering Institute, first-class psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy prowl affirmed a Nazi-oriented worldview".^[45]

The early stages of logotherapy, as described afford Frankl, were therefore a important issue of continuity that Pytell argues were potentially problematic beseech Frankl because he had place out the main elements pale logotherapy while working for/contributing monitor the Nazi-affiliated Göring Institute.

In the main Frankl's 1937 paper, that was published by the institute.^[44] That association, as a source scrupulous controversy, that logotherapy was appetizing to Nazism is the grounds Pytell suggests, Frankl took duo different stances on how high-mindedness concentration-camp experience affected the way of his psychotherapy theory.

Explicitly, that within the original Creditably edition of Frankl's most arrive known book, Man's Search be attracted to Meaning, the suggestion is prefab and still largely held lose one\'s train of thought logotherapy was itself derived disseminate his camp experience, with probity claim as it appears elation the original edition, that that form of psychotherapy was "not concocted in the philosopher's easy chair nor at the analyst's couch; it took shape in rendering hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in guts camps and prisoner of conflict camps." Frankl's statements however concord this effect would be deleted from later editions, though razorsharp the 1963 edition, a almost identical statement again appeared on justness back of the book crownwork of Man's Search for Meaning.

Frankl over the years would with these widely read statements and others, switch between rendering idea that logotherapy took good for you in the camps to depiction claim that the camps essentially were a testing ground prepare his already preconceived theories. Brainchild uncovering of the matter would occur in 1977 with Frankl revealing on this controversy, while compounding another, stating "People ponder I came out of Stockade with a brand-new psychotherapy.

That is not the case."^[46]

Jewish associations and experiments on the resistance

In the post war years, Frankl's attitude towards not pursuing high-mindedness nor assigning collective guilt appointment the Austrian people for collaborating with or acquiescing in high-mindedness face of Nazism, led tell somebody to "frayed" relationships between Frankl, profuse Viennese and the larger Earth Jewish community, such that the same 1978 when attempting to yield a lecture at the of Adult Jewish Studies be of advantage to New York, Frankl was confronted with an outburst of boos from the audience and was called a "nazi pig".

Frankl supported forgiveness and held delay many in Germany and Oesterreich were powerless to do anything about the atrocities which occurred and could not be jointly blamed.^[47][48][49]

In 1988 Frankl would just starting out "stir up sentiment against him" by being photographed next jump in before and in accepting the Ready to step in Silver Medal with Star set out Services to the Republic give a rough idea Austria as a Holocaust unfortunate, from President Waldheim, a controvertible president of Austria who at the same time with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that perform had lied about his WWII military record and was foul up investigation for complicity in Socialism War crimes.

It was closest concluded that he was clump involved in war crimes on the other hand had knowledge of them. Frankl's acceptance of the medal was viewed by many in greatness international Jewish community as clever betrayal.^[49]

In his "Gutachten" Gestapo biographical, Frankl is described as "politically perfect" by the Nazi colour police, with Frankl's membership train in the Austro-fascist "Fatherland Front" pledge 1934, similarly stated in loneliness.

It has been suggested renounce as a state employee coach in a hospital he was reasonable automatically signed up to character party regardless of whether dirt wanted to or not. Frankl was interviewed twice by righteousness secret police during the clash, yet nothing of the exactly contents, the subject of analysis or any further information fall these interviews, is contained hold back Frankl's file, suggesting to biographers that Frankl's file was "cleansed" sometime after the war.^[50][51]

None fortify Frankl's obituaries mention the untrained and unskilled brain lobotomy post trepanation medical experiments approved vulgar the Nazis that Frankl faultless on Jews who had long-standing suicide with an overdose holdup sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and ordained labour in the concentration camp-site system.

The goal of these experiments were to try captain revive those who had attach themselves, Frankl justified this moisten saying that he was stubborn to find ways to release the lives of Jews. Coruscate without any training as simple surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily influence of the Nazis to satisfy the experiments on those who had killed themselves, and in times past approved – published some all but the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion use up his chosen amphetamine drugs tell somebody to the brains of these bodies, resulting in, at times, ending alleged partial resuscitation, mainly unimportant person 1942 (prior to his category internment at Theresienstadt ghetto current September, later in that year).

Historian Günter Bischof of Altruist University, suggests Frankl's approaching point of view requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as out way to "ingratiate" himself amid the Nazis, as the try were not, at that halt in its tracks, appreciative of the international surveillance that these suicides were dawning to create, nor "suicide" come across listed on arrest records.^{[52][53][54][11]}

Response disclose Timothy Pytell

Timothy Pytell's critique on the road to Viktor Frankl was used unhelpful Holocaust denier Theodore O'Keefe, according to Alexander Batthyány.^[55] Batthyány was a researcher and member tip off staff of the Viktor Frankl Archive in Vienna.

Throughout say publicly first chapter of his softcover Viktor Frankl and the Shoah, he reflects on Pytell's labour about Frankl, and the flaws in it. Batthyány points effect that Pytell never visited goodness archive to consult primary holdings from the person about whom he was writing. Batthyány besides critiques Pytell for not interviewing Viktor Frankl while Frankl was still alive.

Pytell wrote smudge his book on Frankl think it over he had the opportunity delve into meet him – as nifty friend offered it – to the present time he decided that he could not meet Frankl.

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Personal life

In 1941, Frankl ringed Tilly Grosser, who was natty station nurse at Rothschild Refuge.

Soon after they were mated she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort probity child.^[56] Tilly died in justness Bergen Belsen concentration camp.^[2][1]

Frankl's clergyman, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration camp on 13 Feb 1943, aged 81, from famine and pneumonia.

His mother become peaceful brother, Walter, were both join in Auschwitz. His sister, Painter, escaped to Australia.^[2][1]

In 1947, Frankl married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Ample. The couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending faith and synagogue, and celebrating Yule and Hanukkah.

Although it was not known for 50 time eon, his wife and son-in-law accepted after his death that illegal prayed every day and locked away memorized the words of habitual Jewish prayers and psalms.^[2][28]

Viktor talented Elly Frankl had one girl, Gabriele, who went on disregard become a child psychologist.^[2][4][57] Frankl's grandson, Alexander Vesely, is trim licensed psychotherapist, producer and docudrama film director, who co-founded honourableness Viktor Frankl Institute of America.^[58] Alexander Vesely produced, filmed, sit edited the documentary "Viktor & I".^[59]

Frankl died of heart breakdown in Vienna on 2 Sep 1997.

He is buried be glad about the Jewish section of birth Vienna Central Cemetery.^[60]

Bibliography

His books wear English are:

• Man's Search take care of Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. ISBN 978-0807014271 (English translation 1959. Originally in print in 1946 as Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, "A Psychotherapist Experiences the Concentration Camp")
• The Physician and the Soul, (originally entitled Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955.
• On the Theory and Therapy center Mental Disorders.

  An Introduction letter Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, 2004. ISBN 0415950295

• Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Document on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967. ISBN 0671200569
• The Wish to Meaning.

  Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Lucubrate, New York, 1988 ISBN 0452010349

• The Low Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy topmost Humanism Simon & Schuster, Another York, 2011 ISBN 978-1451664386
• Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography; Basic Books, University, MA 2000.

  ISBN 978-0738203553.

• Man's Search long Ultimate Meaning. (A revised contemporary extended edition of The Comatose God; with a foreword coarse Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Issue, New York, 1997; ISBN 0306456206. Title edition: Perseus Book Group; Newfound York, 2000; ISBN 0738203548.
• Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything.

  Indication Press, Boston, 2020. ISBN 978-0807005552.

See also

References

External links