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Maulana jarjis bayan bal thakre biography

Bal Thackeray

Indian cartoonist and politician (1926-2012)

Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa

Bal Thackeray

Thackeray in 2012

In office
19 June 1966 – 17 November 2012
Preceded byposition created
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
In office
23 Jan 1988 – 20 June 2006
Preceded byoffice established
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
In office
13 Reverenced 1960 – 17 November 2012
Preceded byoffice established
Succeeded byUddhav Thackeray
Born

Bal Keshav Thackeray


(1926-01-23)23 Jan 1926
Poona, Bombay Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Pune, Maharashtra, India)
Died17 Nov 2012(2012-11-17) (aged 86)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Political partyShiv Sena
Other political
affiliations		National Democratic Alliance(from 1998)
Spouse

Sarla Vaidya[a]

​

​

(m. 1948; died 1995)​
[1]
Children3, including Uddhav Thackeray[2]
Parents
RelativesAaditya Author (grandson)
Raj Thackeray (nephew)
Thackeray Family
Residence(s)Matoshree Bunglow, Bandra, Mumbai
Occupation
Known forMarathi regionalism
Hindutva
Nicknames
  • Balasaheb
  • Hindu Hriday Samrat
  • Shiv Sena Pramukh

Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation:[baːɭ̆keːʃəʋʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012), further known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian cartoonist and minister who founded the original Shiv Sena, a right-wing pro-Marathi view Hindu nationalist party active above all in the state of Maharashtra.[3]

Thackeray began his professional career primate a cartoonist with the English-language daily, The Free Press Journal in Bombay, but he unattended to the paper in 1960 cut into form his own political paper, Marmik.[4] His political philosophy was largely shaped by his priest Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a influential figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra) movement, which advocated the creation of a be adequate linguistic state for Marathi speakers.

Through Marmik, Bal Thackeray campaigned against the growing influence lose non-Marathis in Mumbai.[4]

He had simple large political influence in honourableness state, especially in Mumbai.[5]

In honourableness late 1960s and early Decennium, Thackeray built the Shiv Sena with help of Madhav Mehere, Chief Attorney for Trade Combining of India, Babasaheb Purandare, scholar for Govt of Maharashtra champion Madhav Deshpande, Head Accountant expose Shiv Sena.

These three forebears public to a large extent were responsible for the success assault Shiv Sena and stability take up politics in Mumbai till 2000 to ensure it grows perform an economic power center.[6] Author was also the founder acquisition the Marathi-language newspaper Saamana.[7] Abaft the riots of 1992–93, explicit and his party took uncomplicated Hindutva stance.

In 1999, Author was banned from voting bear contesting in any election make up for six years on the recommendations of the Election Commission fail to appreciate indulging in seeking votes unadorned the name of religion. Writer was arrested multiple times favour spent a brief stint wrench prison, but he never unabashed any major legal repercussions.[8] Effect his death, he was accorded a state funeral, at which many mourners were present.[9][10] Author did not held any proper positions, and he was not ever formally elected as the crowned head of his party.[5]

Early life

Main article: Thackeray family

Thackeray was born dish up 23 January 1926 in Pune, the son of Prabodhankar Writer and his wife Ramabai Thackeray.[6] The family belongs to primacy MarathiHinduChandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu community.[11][12] Top father Keshav was an flame of India-born British writer William Makepeace Thackeray, and changed monarch own surname from Panvelkar defer to "Thackeray" an Anglicised version apparent their ancestral surname "Thakre".[13]

Bal's clergyman was a journalist and cartoonist by profession; he was further a social activist and trig writer who was involved mould a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, which advocated the creation of exceptional separate linguistic state for Mahratti speakers.[14] He also started fastidious magazine named Prabodhan, where of course promoted Hindu philosophies and jingoistic ideals to revive Hindutva make the addition of society.

This proved to just highly influential in shaping Bal Thackeray's political views.[15]

Bal was excellence eldest of eight siblings, go one better than brothers Shrikant Thackeray (father push Raj Thackeray) and Ramesh Writer, and five sisters (Sanjeevani Karandikar,[16] Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari and Susheela Gupte).

Raj broke away flight Shiv Sena to form sovereign own political party called class Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.[17] Despite Raj's breakaway from the main group, he continues to maintain think about it Thackeray was his ideologue settle down relations between them improved cloth Thackeray's final years.[5][18]

Cartoonist career

Thackeray began his career as a cartoonist in the Free Press Annals in Mumbai.

His cartoons were also published in the Approving edition of The Times loom India. After Thackeray's differences collide with the Free Press Journal, be active and four or five construct, including politician George Fernandes, heraldry sinister the paper and started their own daily, News Day. Class paper survived for one wretched two months.[19] In 1960, be active launched the cartoon weekly Marmik with his brother Srikant.[20] Devote focused on issues of habitual "Marathi Manoos" (Marathi, or Marathi-speaking, people) including unemployment, immigration increase in intensity the retrenchment of Marathi employees.

Its office in Ranade Traditional person became the rallying point convoy Marathi youth.[21] Bal Thackeray afterward stated that it was "not just a cartoon weekly on the other hand also the prime reason book the birth and growth on the way out the Sena". It was picture issue of Marmik on 5 June 1966 which first declared the launch of membership hope against hope the Shiv Sena.[22][23]

Thackeray drew cartoons for the Free Press Journal, the Times of India enthralled Marmik besides contributing to Saamna till 2012.

He cited primacy New Zealander cartoonist David Dip as his inspiration.[5]

Politics

Further information: Shiv Sena

1966–1998

The success of Marmik prompted Thackeray to form the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966. The name Shiv Sena (Shivaji's Army) is a reference on hand the 17th century Maratha EmperorShivaji.

Initially, Thackeray said it was not a political party nevertheless an army of Shivaji Maharaj, inclined to fight for rectitude Marathi maanus (person).[24] It called for that native speakers of dignity state's local language Marathi (the "sons of the soil" movement) be given preferential treatment restrict private and public sector jobs.

The early objective of prestige Shiv Sena was to secure their job security competing aspect South Indians and Gujaratis.[20] Well-off its 1966 party manifesto, Author primarily blamed south Indians.[25] Paddock Marmik, Thackeray published a slope of corporate officials from clean up local directory, many being southern Indians, citing it as exoneration that Maharashtrians were being discriminated against.[24]

His party grew in excellence next ten years.

Senior cutting edge such as Babasaheb Purandare, most important attorney for Trade Union manage Maharashtra Madhav Mehere joined depiction party and chartered accountant Madhav Gajanan Deshpande backed various aspects of the party operations. Hem in 1969, Thackeray and Manohar Joshi were jailed after participating insipid a protest demanding the alliance of Karwar, Belgaum and Nipani regions in Maharashtra.[26] During honesty 1970s, it did not be heir to in the local elections focus on it was active mainly delete Mumbai, compared to the pizzazz of the state.

The thing set up local branch purpose and settled disputes, complaints anti the government.[10] It later begun violent tactics with attacks desecrate rival parties, migrants and illustriousness media; the party agitated from end to end of destroying public and private property.[5][27] Thackeray publicly supported Indira Statesman during the 1975 Emergency; Writer supported the Congress party copious times.[20]

Dr.

Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor attention to detail Mumbai and the former parentage physician and confidant of Author, left Shiv Sena in 1976 citing the emphasis given appoint money, violence committed by integrity Shiv Sena members, and Thackeray's support for Indira Gandhi talented the 1975 emergency.[28]

Politically, the Shiv Sena was anti-communist, and wrested control of trade unions snare Mumbai from the Communist Corporation of India (CPI).

Local disengaged youth from the declining structure industry joined the party[27] focus on it further expanded because clutch Maharashtrians from the Konkan region.[20] By the 1980s, it became a threat to the regnant Congress party which had at first encouraged it because of take off rivalling the CPI.

In 1989, the Sena's newspaper Saamna was launched by Thackeray.[29] Because infer Thackeray being against the Mandal Commission report, his close helper Chhagan Bhujbal left the item in 1991. Following the 1992 Bombay riots, Thackeray took reason viewed as anti-Muslim and home-grown on Hindutva.[5] Shiv Sena after allied itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

The BJP-Shiv Sena alliance won the 1995 Maharashtra State Assembly elections status were in power from 1995 to 1999. Thackeray declared herself to be the "remote control" chief minister.[5][30]

Thackeray and the Knack Minister Manohar Joshi were really named for inciting the Shivsainiks for violence against Muslims at near the 1992–1993 riots in be thinking about inquiry ordered by the reach a decision of India, the Srikrishna Doze Report.[31][32]

Thackeray had influence in influence film industry.

His party lecturers agitated against films he strong controversial and would disrupt coat screenings, causing losses. Bombay, splendid 1995 film on the riots, was opposed by them.[20]

1999–2012

On 28 July 1999, Thackeray was actionable from voting and contesting make any election for six stage from 11 December 1999 cultivate 10 December 2005 on prestige recommendations of the Election Suit for indulging in corrupt tradition by seeking votes in significance name of religion.[33][34] In 2000, he was arrested for authority role in the riots on the other hand was released because the written of limitations expired.[8] In 2002, Thackeray issued a call register form Hindu suicide bomber squads to take on the daunt of terrorism.[35] In response, depiction Maharashtra government registered a argue against him for inciting contest between different groups.[36] At nadir two organisations founded and managed by retired Indian Army work force cane, Lt Col Jayant Rao Chitale and Lt Gen.

P.N. Hoon (former commander-in-chief of the Concoction Command), responded to the scream with such statements as note allowing Pakistanis to work comport yourself India due to accusations realize Pakistan for supporting attacks deception India by militants.[37][38] After dignity six-year voting ban on Author was lifted in 2005, crystalclear voted for the first always in the 2007 BMC elections.[39] Eight or nine cases contradict Thackeray and Saamna for explosive writings were not investigated invitation the government.[20]

Thackeray said that picture Shiv Sena had helped rank Marathi people in Mumbai, mega in the public sector.[40] Author believed that Hindus must titter organised to struggle against those who oppose their identity put up with religion.[41] Opposition leftist parties avowed that the Shiv Sena has done little to solve say publicly problem of unemployment facing organized large proportion of Maharashtrian girlhood during its tenure, in falsity to its ideological foundation lady 'sons of the soil.'[42]

In 2006, Thackeray's nephew Raj Thackeray insolvent away from Shiv Sena vertical form the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) during Thackeray's retirement president appointment of his son, Uddhav rather than Raj as probity leader of Shiv Sena.

Narayan Rane also quit around put off time.[18]

The Sena acted as systematic "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.[20] On 14 Feb 2006, Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks surpass its Shiv Sainiks on swell private celebration in Mumbai. "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident.

If that really exemplification, then it is a representation of cowardice. I have in every instance instructed Shiv Sainiks that do any situation women should wail be humiliated and harassed."[43] Writer and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an Amerindian alternative.[44][45]

In 2007, he was curtly arrested and let out force bail after referring to Muslims as 'Green Poison' during capital Shiv Sena rally.[8]

On 27 Strut 2008, in protest to Thackeray's editorial, leaders of Shiv Sena in Delhi resigned, citing treason outrageous conduct towards non-Marathis drain liquid from Maharashtra and announced that they would form a separate party.[46] Addressing a press conference, Shiv Sena's North India chief Jai Bhagwan Goyal said the choice to leave the party was taken because of the evenhanded attitude of the party buzz command towards Maharashtrians.

Goyal spanking said that Shiv Sena deference no different from Khalistan enjoin Jammu and Kashmir militant assemblages which are trying to blueprint a rift between people the length of regional lines. The main assert of these forces is identify split our country. Like picture Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, the Shiv Sena too has demeaned Northernmost Indians and treated them inhumanely.[46][47]

Views

Thackeray declared that he was bawl against every Muslim, but single those who reside in that country but do not disregard the laws of the crop growing, considering such people to carbon copy traitors.[48] The Shiv Sena evenhanded viewed by the media chimp being Islamophobic, though Shiv Sena members officially reject this accusation.[49] When explaining his views request Hindutva, he equated Islam lift violence and called on Hindus to fight terrorism and wage war Islam.[50] In an interview do faster Suketu Mehta, he called go for the mass expulsion of refuse Bangladeshi Muslim migrants from Bharat and for a visa custom to enter Mumbai, the Soldier National Congress state government abstruse earlier during the Indira Solon declared national emergency considered spick similar measure.[51][52]

He told India Today "[Muslims] are spreading like dexterous cancer and should be operated on like a cancer.

Primacy country...should be saved from influence Muslims and the police requisite support them [Hindu Maha Sangh] in their struggle just famine the police in Punjab were sympathetic to the Khalistanis."[53] Notwithstanding, in an interview in 1998, he said that his deal out had changed on many issues that the Shiv Sena esoteric with Muslims, particularly regarding magnanimity Babri Mosque or Ram Janmabhoomi issue:[54] "We must look end the Muslims and treat them as part of us."[54] Take action also expressed admiration for Muslims in Mumbai in the issue of the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings perpetrated wedge Islamic fundamentalists.

In response put in plain words threats made by Abu Azmi, a leader of the Samajwadi Party, that accusations of obsessiveness directed at Indian Muslims would bring about communal strife, Author said that the unity splash Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) brush the wake of the attacks was a slap to fanatics of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi and that Writer salute[s] those Muslims who participated in the two minutes' quietness on 18 July to lament the blast victims.[55] Again compel 2008 he wrote: "Islamic obsessiveness is growing and Hindu violence is the only way round counter it.

We need kill bomb squads to protect Bharat and Hindus."[56] He also reiterated a desire for Hindus unite across linguistic barriers subsidy see a Hindustan for Hindus and to bring Islam providential this country down to fraudulence knees.[57]

Thackeray was criticised for potentate praise[58][59] of Adolf Hitler.[5] Sharptasting was quoted by Asiaweek whereas saying: "I am a seamless admirer of Hitler, and Unrestrainable am not ashamed to aver so!

I do not assert that I agree with mesmerize the methods he employed, however he was a wonderful organizer and orator, and I render that he and I be born with several things in common...What Bharat really needs is a tsar who will rule benevolently, on the other hand with an iron hand."[60] Manner a 1993 interview, Thackeray claimed, "There is nothing wrong hypothesize Muslims are treated as Jews were in Nazi Germany." Grip another 1992 interview, Thackeray avowed, "If you take Mein Kampf and if you remove nobleness word 'Jew' and put razorsharp the word 'Muslim', that psychoanalysis what I believe in".[61]Indian Express published an interview on 29 January 2007: "Hitler did set free cruel and ugly things.

On the contrary he was an artist, Crazed love him [for that]. Dirt had the power to bring the whole nation, the proletariat with him. You have put the finishing touches to think what magic he esoteric. He was a miracle...The slaughter of Jews was wrong. On the contrary the good part about Martinet was that he was brainchild artist.

He was a heedless. He had good qualities cranium bad. I may also have to one`s name good qualities and bad ones."[62][63] Thackeray also praised Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.[64]

In 2008, following agitation against Biharis and other north Indians roaming to Maharashtra to take elegant service examinations for the Asiatic Railways due to an overlimit of the quota in their home provinces, Thackeray also held of Bihari MPs that they were spitting in the selfsame plate from which they swirl when they criticised Mumbaikars stand for Maharashtrians.

He wrote: "They anecdotal trying to add fuel join the fire that has archaic extinguished, by saying that Mumbaikars have rotten brains." He as well criticised Chhath Puja, a journey to celebrated by Biharis and those from eastern Uttar Pradesh, which occurs on six days relief the Hindu month of Karttika. He said that it was not a real holiday.[65] That was reportedly a response taking place MPs from Bihar who challenging disrupted the proceedings of class Lok Sabha in protest manuscript the attacks on North Indians.[65] Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, upset with the remarks, labelled on the prime minister stand for the central government to interfere in the matter.

A Saamna editorial prompted at least 16 MPs from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, belonging to the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi Party and the Amerind National Congress, to give proclamation for breach of privilege transactions against Thackeray.[65] After the sum was raised in the Lok Sabha, SpeakerSomnath Chatterjee said: "If anybody has made any memo on our members' functioning take on the conduct of business ploy the House, not only criticize we treat that with loftiness contempt that it deserves, on the contrary also any action that possibly will be necessary will be entranced according to procedure and select established norms.

Nobody will weakness spared.'"[65]

In 2009, he criticised Amerindian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, a "Marathi icon", for saying he was an Indian before he was a Maharashtrian.[8]

Opposition to Caste Home-grown Reservations

Thackeray firmly opposed caste family unit reservation and said, "There untidy heap only two castes in significance world, the rich are affluent and the poor is indigent, make the poor rich on the other hand don't make the rich wet.

Besides these two castes Farcical don't believe in any fear casteism."

The Bhartiya Janata Establishment (BJP) supported caste-based reservations homespun on the Mandal commission. Thackarey, despite being warned that opponent to the reservations would titter politically suicidal for the Shiv Sena party, opposed the BJP over this issue and voiced articulate he would initiate proceedings combat the BJP if the BJP supported caste-based reservations.

This likewise led to his conflict chart Chhagan Bhujbal, an OBC, who later left the Shiv Sena.[66][67]

Views on Savarkar

Thackeray defended Savarkar despoil criticism and praised him thanks to a great leader. In 2002, when PresidentA. P. J. Abdul Kalam unveiled a portrait disruption Savarkar in the presence show Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee, nobility Congress Party opposed the disclosure of the portrait and boycotted the function.

Thackeray criticised interpretation opposition and said, "Who disintegration [Congress president and Leader magnetize the Opposition] Sonia Gandhi utter object to the portrait? What relation does she have refer to the country? How much does she know about the story and culture of India?". Stage later, when Congress General Supporter Digvijaya Singh made a affidavit that Savarkar was allegedly integrity first one to suggest probity two-nation theory that led promote to the partition, Thackeray rejected loftiness statement of Singh.[68][69]

Support for Dardic Pandits

In 1990, Bal Thackeray got seats reserved in engineering colleges for the children of Indian Pandits in Maharashtra.[70] At well-organized meeting with them he sinewy the idea that Kashmiri Pandits could be armed for their self-defence against Jihadis.[71][72][73]

Personal life

Thackeray was married to Meena Thackeray (née Sarla Vaidya) on 13 June 1948[1] and had three choice, oldest son Bindumadhav, middle issue Jaidev, and youngest son Uddhav.[74] Meena died in 1995 celebrated Bindumadhav died the following yr in a car accident.[75][76]

Death

Thackeray athletic on 17 November 2012, director cardiac arrest.[77] Mumbai came maneuver a virtual halt immediately similarly news about his death impoverished out, with shops and cost-effective establishments shutting down.[78] The absolute state of Maharashtra was lay on high alert.

The control appealed for calm and 20,000 Mumbai police officers, 15 meet of the State Reserve Boys in blue Force and three contingents light the Rapid Action Force were deployed.[79] It was reported make certain Shiv Sena workers forced shops to close down in callous areas.[8] Then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for calm inspect the city and praised Thackeray's "strong leadership", while there were also statements of praise abstruse condolences from other senior politicians such as the then-Gujarat Vital Minister Narendra Modi and birth BJP leader and MP (Former Deputy Prime Minister of India), L.

K. Advani.[80]

He was accorded a state funeral[81] at Shivaji Park, which generated some controversy[82] and resulted from demands strenuous by Shiv Sena.[83] It was the first public funeral come to terms with the city since that use your indicators Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920.[84] Thackeray's body was moved hype the park on 18 November.[85] Many mourners attended his sepulture, although there were no legally binding figures.

The range reported superimpose media sources varied from approximately 1 million,[86] to 1.5 million[87] and as many as essentially 2 million.[88] His cremation took place the next day, vicinity his son Uddhav lit excellence pyre.[89] Among those present monkey his cremation were senior representatives of the Maharashtra government predominant the event was broadcast be there on national television channels.[90] Character Parliament of India opened retrieve its winter session on 21 November 2012.

Thackeray was interpretation only non-member to be famous in its traditional list drawing obituaries. He is one understanding few people to have bent recorded thus without being unblended member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.[91] Despite having not held batty official position, he was landdwelling the 21-gun salute, which was again a rare honour.[92] Both houses of Bihar Assembly as well paid tribute.[93][94][95] The funeral cost created further controversies when publicity reports claimed that the BMC had used taxpayers' money.

Suspend response to these reports, grandeur party later sent a sketch of Rs. 500,000 to honourableness corporation.[92]

The Hindu, in an leading article, said regarding the shutdown deviate "Thackeray’s legion of followers strenuous him to the status hold sway over a demigod who could move violently an entire State to confine down with the mere threatening remark of violence".[96] Following his contract killing, police arrested a 21-year-old spouse who posted a Facebook memo against him, as well pass for her friend who "liked" picture comment.

Shiv Sena members besides vandalised the clinic owned near the woman's relative.[97]

Legacy

Thackeray was labelled Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa (lit. 'Emperor expose Hindu Hearts') by his supporters.[98] His yearly address at Shivaji Park was popular among authority followers. In 2012, he preferably gave a video-taped speech nearby urged his followers "to bear the same love and tenderness to his son and federal heir Uddhav as they confidential given him".[5] Thackeray was rest to convert popular sentiment sting votes, getting into controversies with making no apologies for restrict though his son has exhausted to tone down the party's stance after his death.[5] Unquestionable was known for his traitorous writings,[27] was seen as out good orator who used harsh humour to engage his audience.[5][20] He had a large civic influence throughout the state, same in Mumbai.[20] His party on no account had any formal internal elections nor was he ever officially elected as its chief survey any point.[5]Gyan Prakash said, "Of course, the Samyukta Maharashtra Portage had mobilized Marathi speakers though a political entity, but take apart was Thackeray who successfully deployed it as an anti-immigrant, democrat force."[24] He inspired Baliram Kashyap the leader of Bastar who often regarded as the Writer of Bastar.

A memorial storeroom him was proposed at Shivaji Park but legal issues very last opposition from local residents collect to delay it.[99]

Thackeray is satirised in Salman Rushdie's 1995 version The Moor's Last Sigh introduce 'Raman Fielding'. The book was banned by the Maharashtra nation government.[100]Suketu Mehta interviewed Thackeray pressure his critically acclaimed, Pulitzer-nominated, non-fiction 2004 book Maximum City.

In popular culture

In 2005, Ram Gopal Varma directed the Godfatheresque-Sarkar, super-hit thriller was inspired by integrity life of Bal Thackeray stomach North Indian politics. In that Amitabh Bachchan's character was divine by Thackeray [20]

The 2011 docudrama Jai Bhim Comrade depicted dinky speech by Thackeray at natty public rally, in which fiasco articulated "genocidal sentiments" about Muslims, stating that they were interpretation "species to be exterminated." Excellence documentary followed this by show several Dalit leaders criticising Author for his beliefs.[101]

Balkadu a 2015 Marathi film is loosely everyday to be based on class ideologies of Bal Thackeray, nobleness film contains voice clippings pan Thackeray's political career.

A Screenland biopic titled Thackeray, starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui and written by Shiv Sena politician Sanjay Raut, was released on 25 January 2019.[102][103]

Makarand Padhye played Balasaheb Thakeray birdcage the 2022 Marathi film Dharmaveer and its sequel based turmoil the life of Shiv Sena politician Anand Dighe.

Dushyant Wagh played Thackeray in the 2023 Marathi film Maharashtra Shahir family circle on the life of Padma ShriShahir Sable.

See also

Notes

References

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    Roli Books. p. 62.

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    Routledge. p. 179. ISBN .

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  5. ^ abcdefghijkl"Bal Thackeray's political career".

    BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 29 Jan 2016.

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    Mumbai Fables. Princeton University Company. pp. 228–237. ISBN . Archived from authority original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

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    Tokunboh adeyemo biography of abraham

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